Symbol
Symbol Name
Meaning / definition
Example
limit
limit value of a function
ε
epsilon
represents a very small number, near zero
ε →0
e
e constant / Euler’s number
e = 2.718281828…
e = lim (1+1/x)x ,x→∞
y ‘
derivative
derivative – Leibniz’s notation
(3x3)’ = 9x2
y ”
second derivative
derivative of derivative
(3x3)” = 18x
y(n)
nth derivative
n times derivation
(3x3)(3) = 18
derivative
derivative – Lagrange’s notation
d(3x3)/dx = 9x2
second derivative
derivative of derivative
d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x
nth derivative
n times derivation
time derivative
derivative by time – Newton notation
time second derivative
derivative of derivative
partial derivative
∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x
∫
integral
opposite to derivation
∬
double integral
integration of function of 2 variables
∭
triple integral
integration of function of 3 variables
∮
closed contour / line integral
∯
closed surface integral
∰
closed volume integral
[a,b]
closed interval
[a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
(a,b)
open interval
(a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
i
imaginary unit
i ≡ √-1
z = 3 + 2i
z*
complex conjugate
z = a+bi → z*=a–bi
z* = 3 + 2i
z
complex conjugate
z = a+bi → z = a–bi
z = 3 + 2i
∇
nabla / del
gradient / divergence operator
∇f (x,y,z)
vector
unit vector
x * y
convolution
y(t) = x(t) * h(t)
Laplace transform
F(s) =
Fourier transform
X(ω) =
δ
delta function
∞
lemniscate
infinity symbol